Exclusive Economic Zone

Under the law of the sea, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. It stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast. In casual usage, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf beyond the 200 mile limit.

Contents 1 Definition 2 Origin of EEZ 3 EEZ disputes 4 Transboundary stocks 5 By country 5.1 Argentina 5.2 Australia 5.3 Brazil 5.4 Canada 5.5 Chile 5.6 People's Republic of China 5.7 Denmark 5.8 European Union 5.9 France 5.10 Greece 5.11 India 5.12 Indonesia 5.13 Japan 5.14 Mexico 5.15 New Zealand 5.16 Norway 5.17 Pakistan 5.18 Philippines 5.19 Poland 5.20 Portugal 5.21 Russia 5.22 South Africa 5.23 South Korea 5.24 United Kingdom 5.25 United States 6 Rankings by area 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Definition

Generally, a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coastal baseline. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles (740 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.^[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.^[2]

A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370,4 km) from the baseline.^[3] Thus, the EEZ includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles (648 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the EEZ, but such areas are not part of their EEZ. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the EEZ.

Origin of EEZ

The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give better control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nautical miles or 6 km (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times traditionally, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nautical miles (~19 km) beyond the shore. In the early 1970s, Ecuador claimed territorial waters extending to 200 nautical miles. They began seizing U.S. tuna-fishing boats and charging heavy fines (that the U.S. government paid). Eventually the U.S. agreed to submit the issue to the International Court of Justice at The Hague.^[4] This eventually led to the recognition of 12 nautical miles as normal for the territorial sea/waters and binding international recognition of the 200 mile exclusive economic zone by the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.

Part V, Article 55 of the Convention states:

Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone

The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention.

EEZ disputes

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.

• One well-known example of such dispute was the Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland.
• Norway and Russia dispute both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Spitsbergen archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status. A treaty signed in April 2010 between the two states promises to resolve this boundary dispute.^[5]
• The dispute over Rockall is mainly due to its effect on EEZ, not on its resources or strategic benefits.
• The South China Sea (and the Spratly Islands) is the site of an ongoing dispute between several neighboring nations.
• There is an ongoing dispute between Turkey and Greece over the extent of the continental shelf and the EEZ.
• Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, threatening Croatia's accession to the European Union.
• A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the United States, as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves.
• France claims a portion of Canada's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by Canada's EEZ.

Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.^[6]

Transboundary stocks

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the FAO, provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.^[7] Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.^[8]

By country

Argentina

1,159,063 km²

Australia

• Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973^[9]

Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind the United States and France, but ahead of Russia, with the total area actually exceeding that of its land territory. As per the UN convention, Australia's EEZ generally extends 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.^[10]

The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.^[11] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its Antarctic Territory, but has requested it not be acted upon at the time in accordance with the spirit of cooperation embodied in the Antarctic Treaty.^[12] Nevertheless, Australia maintains the right to explore and exploit the seabed and water column within its EEZ.

EEZ	Area (km2)[13]
Heard and McDonald Islands	410,722
Christmas Island	463,371
Cocos Islands	325,021
Norfolk Island	428,618
Macquarie Island	471,837
Australia	6,048,681
Total	8,148,250

Brazil

Brazil's exclusive economic zone covers 3,660,995 km².

In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.^[14]

Canada

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 2,755,564 km², is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.^[15] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.

Chile

Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Juan Fernández Islands, the Desventuradas Islands and Easter Island.

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2)	Land area	Total
Mainland	2 017 717	755 757	2 773 474
Desventuradas	443 907
Easter	713 465	164	713 629
Juan Fernandez	500 190
Total	3 675 279	756 102	4 431 381

People's Republic of China

Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the two autonomous provinces of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The EEZs of the latter two do not form part of the EEZ of the European Union.

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2) [13]	Land area	Total
Denmark	105 989	42 506	149 083
Faroe Islands	260 995	1 399	262 394
Greenland	2 184 254	2 166 086	4 350 340
Total	2 551 238	2 210 579	4 761 817

European Union

See also Common Fisheries Policy

The EEZ of the European Union is shared, so vessels or a national from one country can fish in another country's EEZ.^[16] The combined zone amounts to 25 million km², making it the largest EEZ.^[17]

France

Due to its numerous overseas départements and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the second-largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 mi²), just behind the EEZ of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 mi²), but ahead of the EEZ of Australia (10,648,250 km² / 4,111,312 mi²). According to a different calculation cited by the Pew Research Center, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201 km² (3,893,532 mi²), behind the United States (12,174,629 km² / 4,700,651 mi²) and Australia (10,648,250 km² / 4,111,312 mi²), but ahead of Russia (7,566,673 km² / 2,921,508 mi²).

The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.

Greece

Greece has not yet claimed an exclusive economic zone, although it is entitled to do so, as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law. This had led to direct threat by Turkey of casus belli if Greece was to declare her exclusive economic zone, although Greece restrained from any kind of declaration so far.

Turkey's declaration of casus belli is not related to the EEZ issue. Turkey claims that the Aegean Sea's status as a semi-closed sea affords it a special nature (unlike other semi-closed seas as the Adriatic or even fully enclosed seas as the Black Sea). Moreover, Turkey is not among the signatories of UNCLOS which allows countries to expand the width of their territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles (22 km). Even though Turkey is a persistent objector to the relevant article of UNCLOS, it has expanded its own territorial waters in the Black Sea to 12 nautical miles (22 km). So defending Turkey`s policy towards southern maritime Balkans, in 1995 just after Greek parliament ratifications of UNCLOS, Turkey declared that if Greece expands the width of her territorial waters over 6 nautical miles (11 km), Turkey would conceive this action as a containment attempt and a direct offense to her sovereignty and thus threatened Greece with a war (casus belli).

India

• 1,641,514 km²
• Andaman Islands, 663,629 km²
• Total: 2,305,143 km²

Indonesia

• 6 159 032 km²

Japan

• Marcus Island: 428,875 km²
• Ogasawara Islands: 862,782 km²
• Pacific Ocean (Japan): 1,162,334 km²
• Ryukyu Islands: 1,394,676 km²
• Sea of Japan: 630,721 km²
• Total: 4,479,358

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, South Korea, PRC and ROC). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project^[18][19] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims.

Mexico

Mexico's exclusive economic zones comprise a total surface area of 5,144,295 km², and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.^[20]

New Zealand

New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km², according to the Sea Around Us Project,^[21][22] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km².^[23] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (Tokelau, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Ross Dependency).

Norway

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km² around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km², including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen .^[24] The fact that the European Union shares its economic zones was a big reason why Norway did not enter the EU as a member.

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.^[25]

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2)	Land area	Total
Mainland	1 273 482	323 802	1 597 284
Svalbard	402 574	61 002	463 576
Jan Mayen	273 118	373	273 491
Bouvet	436 004	49	436 053
Total	2 385 178	385 226	2 770 404

Pakistan

• 201,520 km^{2 [26]}

Philippines

Philippines' EEZ covers 2,265,684 (135,783) km^2[27]

Poland

The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km² within the Baltic Sea.^[28]

Portugal

•  Portugal 327,667 km²
•  Azores 953,633 km²
•  Madeira 446,108 km²
• Total : 1,727,408 km²

Portugal has the 3rd largest exclusive economic zone of the EU and the 11th in the world.

The boundary between the EEZs of Portugal and Spain is disputed. Spain maintains that the southernmost EEZ border between Spain and Portugal should consist on an equidistant line drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands (a small archipelago north of the Canaries), and claims this pushes the EEZ border further south. Spain objects on the basis that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf,^[30] according to the article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:

"Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf."^[31]

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over 1.2 million square kilometres of the neighbouring continental shelf in May 2009.^[32]

Russia

• Asia: 6,
• Baltic: 24,549
• Barents Sea: 1,159,594
• Total 7,566,673 km^2[33]

South Africa

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1 535 538 km².^[34]

• Mainland 1 068 659 km²
• Prince Edward islands 466 879 km²

South Korea

Area: 300,851 (225,214) km²

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone is the eighth largest in the world. It comprises the exclusive economic zones surrounding the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories.

Areas of EEZs of the UK, crown dependencies and overseas territories^[36]

Territory	km2	sq mi	Notes
United Kingdom	773,676	298,718	includes Rockall (disputed), Isle of Man
Anguilla	92,178	35,590
Ascension Island	441,658	170,525
Bermuda	450,370	173,890
British Indian Ocean Territory	638,568	246,552
British Virgin Islands	80,117	30,933
Cayman Islands	119,137	45,999
Channel Islands	11,658	4,501
Falkland Islands	550,872	212,693	disputed with Argentina
Gibraltar	426	164	disputed with Spain
Montserrat	7,582	2,927
Pitcairn Island	836,108	322,823
Saint Helena	444,916	171,783
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	1,449,532	559,667	disputed with Argentina
Tristan da Cunha	754,720	291,400
Turks and Caicos Islands	154,068	59,486
Total	6,805,586	2,627,651

United States

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km². Areas of its EEZ are located not only along the eastern and western seaboards and Gulf of Mexico-bordering region of the continental United States, but are also located in the Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

• Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976

Rankings by area

This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TA is exclusive economic zone plus total internal area.

Country	EEZ km2[36]	Shelf km2	EEZ+TA km2
American continent
United States	12,174,629	2,193,526	21,814,306
Canada	5,599,077	2,644,795	15,583,747
Brazil	3,660,955	774,563	12,175,832
Mexico	3,177,593	419,102	5,141,968
Chile	3,675,279	252,947	4,431,381
Argentina	1,159,063	856,346	3,939,463
Peru	815,915	82,000	2,101,131
Colombia	808,158	53,691	1,949,906
Venezuela	470,666	107,759	1,382,716
Ecuador	1,077,231	41,034	1,333,600
Bahamas	654,715	106,323	668,658
Costa Rica	574,725	19,585	625,825
Cuba	350,751	61,525	460,637
Panama	335,646	53,404	411,163
Honduras	249,542	68,718	362,034
Guyana	137,765	50,578	352,734
Uruguay	142,166	75,327	318,381
Dominican Republic	255,898	10,738	304,569
Suriname	127,772	53,631	291,592
Jamaica	258,137	9,802	269,128
Nicaragua	123,881	70,874	254,254
Guatemala	114,170	14,422	223,059
Barbados	186,898	426	187,328
Haiti	126,760	6,683	154,510
El Salvador	90,962	16,852	112,003
Antigua and Barbuda	110,089	4,128	110,531
Trinidad and Tobago	74,199	25,284	79,329
Belize	35,351	13,178	58,317
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	36,302	1,561	36,691
Dominica	28,985	659	29,736
Grenada	27,426	2,237	27,770
Saint Lucia	15,617	544	16,156
Saint Kitts and Nevis	9,974	653	10,235
States independent from other regions and continents
France	10,084,201	389,422	10,755,724
Australia	8,505,348	2,194,008	16,197,464
Russia	7,566,673	3,817,843	24,664,915
New Zealand	6,682,503	277,610	6,953,478
Indonesia	6,159,032	2,039,381	8,019,392
United Kingdom	5,453,428	722,891	5,714,564
Japan	4,479,388	454,976	4,857,318
Kiribati	3,441,810	7,523	3,442,536
Federated States of Micronesia	2,996,419	19,403	2,997,121
Denmark	2,551,238	495,657	4,761,811
Papua New Guinea	2,402,288	191,256	2,865,128
Norway	2,385,178	434,020	2,770,404
India	2,305,143	402,996	5,592,406
Marshall Islands	1,990,530	18,411	1,990,711
Portugal	1,727,408	92,090	1,819,498
Philippines	1,590,780	272,921	1,890,780
Solomon Islands	1,589,477	36,282	1,618,373
South Africa	1,535,538	156,337	2,756,575
Seychelles	1,336,559	39,063	1,337,014
Mauritius	1,284,997	29,061	1,287,037
Fiji	1,282,978	47,705	1,301,250
Madagascar	1,225,259	101,505	1,812,300
Spain	1,039,233	77,920	1,545,225
Maldives	923,322	34,538	923,622
China	879,666	831,340	10,520,487
Somalia	825,052	55,895	1,462,709
Cape Verde	800,561	5,591	804,594
Iceland	751,345	108,015	854,345
Tuvalu	749,790	3,575	749,816
Vanuatu	663,251	11,483	675,440
Tonga	659,558	8,517	660,305
Palau	603,978	2,837	604,437
Mozambique	578,986	94,212	1,380,576
Namibia	564,748	86,698	1,388,864
Yemen	552,669	59,229	1,080,637
Italy	541,915	116,834	843,251
Oman	533,180	59,071	842,680
Myanmar	532,775	220,332	1,209,353
Sri Lanka	532,619	32,453	598,229
Angola	518,433	48,092	1,765,133
Greece	505,572	81,451	637,529
Vietnam	417,663	365,198	748,875
Ireland	410,310	139,935	480,583
Libya	351,589	64,763	2,111,129
Malaysia	334,671	323,412	665,474
Nauru	308,480	41	308,501
Equatorial Guinea	303,509	7,820	331,560
South Korea	300,851	225,214	400,529
Thailand	299,397	230,063	812,517
Morocco(without Western Sahara)	274,577	53,746	721,127
Egypt	263,451	61,591	1,265,451
Turkey	261,654	56,093	1,045,216
Liberia	249,734	17,715	361,103
Tanzania	241,888	25,611	1,186,975
Pakistan	235,999	51,383	1,117,911
Ghana	235,349	22,502	473,888
Saudi Arabia	228,633	107,249	2,378,323
Nigeria	217,313	42,285	1,141,081
Sierra Leone	215,611	28,625	287,351
Gabon	202,790	35,020	470,458
Côte d'Ivoire	176,254	10,175	498,717
Iran	168,718	118,693	1,797,468
Mauritania	165,338	31,662	1,190,858
Comoros	163,752	1,526	165,987
Sweden	160,885	154,604	602,255
Senegal	158,861	23,092	355,583
Netherlands	154,011	77,246	192,345
Ukraine	147,318	79,142	750,818
North Korea	132,826	54,566	253,364
São Tomé and Príncipe	131,397	1,902	132,361
Samoa	127,950	2,087	130,781
Algeria	126,353	9,985	2,508,094
Guinea-Bissau	123,725	39,339	159,850
Kenya	116,942	11,073	697,309
Tunisia	101,857	67,126	265,467
Cyprus	98,707	4,042	107,958
Finland	87,171	85,109	425,590
Bangladesh	86,392	66,438	230,390
Taiwan	83,231	43,016	119,419
Eritrea	77,728	61,817	195,328
East Timor	70,326	25,648	85,200
Sudan	68,148	19,827	2,573,961
Cambodia	62,515	62,515	243,550
Guinea	59,426	44,755	305,283
Croatia	59,032	50,277	115,626
United Arab Emirates	58,218	57,474	141,818
Germany	57,485	57,485	414,599
Malta	54,823	5,301	55,139
Estonia	36,992	36,992	82,219
Bulgaria	34,307	10,426	145,186
Benin	33,221	2,721	145,843
Qatar	31,590	31,590	43,176
Congo, Republic of the	31,017	7,982	373,017
Poland	29,797	29,797	342,482
Latvia	28,452	27,772	93,011
Israel	26,352	3,745	48,424
Romania	23,627	19,303	262,018
The Gambia	23,112	5,581	34,407
Georgia	21,946	3,243	91,646
Lebanon	19,516	1,067	29,968
Cameroon	16,547	11,420	491,989
Albania	13,691	6,979	42,439
Togo	12,045	1,265	68,830
Kuwait	11,026	11,026	28,844
Syria	10,503	1,085	195,683
Bahrain	10,225	10,225	10,975
Brunei	10,090	8,509	15,855
Montenegro	7,745	3,896	21,557
Djibouti	7,459	3,187	30,659
Lithuania	7,031	7,031	72,331
Belgium	3,447	3,447	33,975
Democratic Republic of the Congo	1,606	1,593	2,346,464
Singapore	1,067	1,067	1,772
Iraq	771	771	439,088
Monaco	288		290
Palestine	256	256	6,276
Slovenia	220	220	20,493
Jordan	166	59	89,508
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	50	51,259
Afghanistan			652,090
Andorra			468
Armenia			29,743
Austria			83,871
Azerbaijan			86,600
Belarus			207,600
Bhutan			38,394
Bolivia			1,098,581
Botswana			582,000
Burkina Faso			274,222
Burundi			27,834
Central African Republic			622,984
Chad			1,284,000
Czech Republic			78,867
Ethiopia			1,104,300
Hungary			93,028
Kazakhstan			2,724,900
Kosovo			10,887
Kyrgyzstan			199,951
Laos			236,800
Lesotho			30,355
Liechtenstein			160
Luxembourg			2,586
Malawi			118,484
Mali			1,240,192
Moldova			33,846
Mongolia			1,564,100
Nepal			147,181
Niger			1,267,000
Paraguay			406,752
Republic of Macedonia			25,713
Rwanda			26,338
San Marino			61
Serbia			77,474
Slovakia			49,035
Swaziland			17,364
Switzerland			41,284
Tajikistan			143,100
Turkmenistan			488,100
Uganda			241,038
Uzbekistan			447,400
Vatican City			0.44
Zambia			752,612
Zimbabwe			390,757

See also

• Air Defense Identification Zone
• Baseline
• Continental shelf
• International waters
• R. v. Marshall
• Territorial waters

References

External links

• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - Part V
• Sea Around Us Project - View the EEZ of all nations (Note that this site does not distinguish between territorial waters and the EEZ, and so tends to overstate EEZ areas.)
• The USA zone since 1977
• GIS data: VLIZ.be

Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Exclusive Economic Zone · Forest  · Land (irrigated)  · Water % Extreme points Elevation (Highest · Lowest) · Latitude (Northernmost · Southernmost) · Longitude (Easternmost · Westernmost) Perimeter Coastline length · Land border length · Number of bordering countries (land-only · land and maritime · maritime-only) Other Freshwater (resources · withdrawal) · Time zones Lists of countries · Lists by country · List of international rankings

Fisheries science and wild fisheries Fisheries science Population dynamics of fisheries · Shifting baseline · Fish stock · Fish mortality · Stock assessment · Fish measurement · Fish counter · Data storage tag · Biomass · Fisheries acoustics · Acoustic tag · GIS and aquatic science · EcoSCOPE · Age class structure · Trophic level · Trophic cascades · Marine biology · Aquatic ecosystems · Bioeconomics · Ecopath · FishBase · Census of Marine Life · OSTM · Fisheries databases · Institutes · Fisheries scientists Wild fisheries Ocean fisheries · Diversity of fish · Coastal fish · Coral reef fish · Demersal fish · Forage fish · Pelagic fish · Krill fisheries · Kelp fisheries · Shrimp fisheries · Crab fisheries · Cod fisheries · Eel fisheries · Eel ladder · Fish ladder · Fish screen · Migration · Sardine run · Shoaling and schooling · Ocean habitats · Water column · Marine snow · Upwelling · Humboldt current · Algal blooms · Dead zones · Fish kill   Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation Management Fisheries management · Monitoring control and surveillance · Vessel monitoring system · Fishery Resources Monitoring System · Catch reporting · Fisheries observer · Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing · Fisheries organizations Quotas Catch share · Individual fishing quota · Minimum landing size · Discards · Bycatch · Cetacean bycatch · Turtle excluder device · Shrimp-Turtle case · EU quotas · EU MLS · Exclusive Economic Zone Sustainability Sustainable fisheries · Maximum sustainable yield · Sustainable seafood · Overfishing · Environmental effects of fishing · Fishing down the food web · Destructive fishing practices · Future of Marine Animal Populations · The Sunken Billions · End of the Line Conservation Marine Protected Area · Marine reserve · Marine conservation · Marine conservation activism · Salmon conservation · Grey nurse shark conservation · Shark sanctuary Organisations Marine Stewardship Council · Friend of the Sea · SeaChoice · Seafood Watch · Oceana · Sea Around Us Project · WorldFish Center · Defying Ocean's End · HERMIONE · PROFISH · International Seafood Sustainability Foundation · Sea Shepherd Conservation Society · Greenpeace Related issues Marine pollution · Mercury in fish · Shark finning · Fisheries and climate change List of fishing topics by subject · Index of fishing articles · Fisheries glossary